But it's not just mechanical transmission we need to worry about. In the 1990s, a study found that Escherichia coli bacteria can proliferate in and on the mouthparts of house flies.
In hindsight, Stoffolano now thinks this happens because flies are constantly spewing up the contents of their crop during feeding and grooming (where insects smear vomit all over themselves).
In 2021, for instance, a study found that house flies infected with Chlamydia tachomatis could keep this pathogen alive in their crop for 24 hours – plenty of time to fly off and regurgitate on a new host.
https://www.sciencealert.com/why-house-fly-barf-is-an-overlooked-potential-vector-of-disease